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Cyber-Enabled Crimes under the Rome Statute: Jurisdictional, Substantive and Evidentiary Challenges
Cyber operations can cause or facilitate harm of a scale traditionally associated with kinetic violence, but their use does not create a fifth international crime. The International Criminal Court’s Office of the Prosecutor now treats ‘cyber-enabled crimes’ as a factual description of genocide, crimes against…
Critical Analysis of the Right to Education for Rohingya Refugees: Bridging Customary International Law and Domestic Legal Frameworks in Bangladesh
The Right to Education is a fundamental human right guaranteed for all by the standards and principles set out under the leading international instruments, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. However, despite being an…
Before Accountability Arrives: Enforced Disappearance, International Law and the Politics of Delay in Bangladesh
Bangladesh’s accession to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance marked a decisive break from years of official denial. However, accession followed by the lapse of the Enforced Disappearance Prevention and Redress Ordinance 2025 exposed a deeper concern—whether formal treaty…
The Entrenchment Paradox: Constitutional Reform, Guarantees of Non-Repetition, and the Recurrence of Exclusion in Post-July 2024 Bangladesh
Guarantees of non-repetition (GNR) treat constitutional reform as a forward-looking instrument for dismantling the conditions that made past atrocity possible. Where a reform places its core commitments beyond the reach of a future majority, it relies on entrenchment—heightened amendment thresholds, unamendable provisions or referendum locks.…